Once common across the Netherlands and surrounding areas, the horns are heard today mainly in the Twente area, though similar instruments appear in the history of several Nordic and Germanic countries. The horns themselves are simple and elegant constructions made of wood and usually a meter or more in length. Scholars suggest that the earliest uses were to contact far-off neighbors, drive away evil spirits or wild animals, or as a warning system in times of need. Though its true origins are unknown, the earliest written record in Dutch history appears in 1485. History shows several groups using the horns as warning systems, including Catholics hiding mass from state-sanctioned Protestantism and smugglers avoiding the law. Like many pagan traditions predating the arrival of Christianity, horn blowing was eventually incorporated into the rituals of the Church and became connected with the birth of Jesus.
Linked now with Christmas, midwinter horn blowing takes place between the first Sunday of Advent and `Epiphany' or the arrival of the three kings in January. 17th and 18th century records show that horns were played all over the Netherlands but after 1800 the tradition remained only in Twente, mostly in the northeast region. Nearly lost in the interim, the practice was slowly revived after World War II and grew in popularity in the 1970s. Players testify to the difficulty of mastering this ancient instrument; most people can make only four tones, very good players can attain seven or eight. Often played over a well opening to resonate the tones, the instruments are played like a trumpet without valves, with each player having his or her own mouthpiece. Demonstrations, contests, and workshops on how to build and play the horns are held in many locations in the area.
